Shortening had no significant (p > 0.05) effect on bake loss
(Fig. 2B) except in one case (T bread with 0 g/100 g of emulsifier and
2.5 g/100 g of shortening). Reduction of emulsifier from 2 g/
100 ge1 g/100 g did not affect bake loss (p > 0.05) but its elimination
resulted in a higher bake loss (p < 0.05). Purhagen et al.
(2012) stated that emulsifiers (glycerol monostarate, sodium
stearoyl-2-lactylate or diacetyl tartaric acid esters of mono- and
diglycerides) improved water holding capacity when added into
gluten-free bread. This could explain the higher bake loss observed
when emulsifier was eliminated. C breads showed significantly
higher bake loss than CT when containing 5 g/100 g shortening
and/or 0 g/100 g emulsifier.