This study investigated the transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) from experimentallyinfected Indian buffalo to in-contact naïve and vaccinated cattle and buffalo. In each of six rooms, twodonor buffalo that had been inoculated with FMDV were housed for five days with four recipient animals,comprising one vaccinated buffalo, one vaccinated calf, one unvaccinated buffalo and one unvaccinatedcalf. Vaccination was carried out with current Indian vaccine strain (O/IND/R2/75) and challenged on 28days post-vaccination with an antigenically similar strain (O/HAS/34/05). All 12 donor buffalo and thesix unvaccinated cattle and six unvaccinated calves developed clinical signs of foot-and-mouth disease(FMD). In contrast, all six vaccinated cattle (100%) and four out of six vaccinated buffalo (66.6%) wereprotected from disease but all became infected with FMDV. This confirms that buffalo have the potentialto spread FMD by direct contact and that vaccination can block this spread. The numbers of animals inthe study were too small to determine if the differences in clinical protection afforded by vaccination ofcattle and buffalo are significant and warrant a different dose regime.