Product associations include functional attribute associations and non-functional associations (Chen
2001). Functional attributes are the tangible features of a product (Keller 1993, Hankinson and
Cowking 1993, de Chernatony and McWilliam, 1989). While evaluating a brand, consumers link the
performance of the functional attributes to the brand (Pitta and Katsanis 1995, Lassar et al. 1995). If a
brand does not perform the functions for which it is designed, the brand will has low level of brand
equity. Performance is defined as a consumer’s judgment about a brand’s fault-free and long-lasting
physical operation and flawlessness in the product’s physical construction (Lassar et al. 1995).