ConclusionThe results obtained from this study have shown that 30%inclusions of unrefined forms of copra and palm kernel meals donot negatively affect the feed intake of O. niloticus. The additionof 30% soybean meal, however, significantly reduced feed intake.Similarly, water stabilities and dry matter as well as nutrient reten-tions were significantly affected by the inclusions of the oilseedmeals. The inclusion of the soybean meal resulted in pellets withsignificantly higher bulk density, sinking rate and water stabilitycompared to the other experimental diets. Nutrient retention effi-ciencies were also affected by the inclusion of the oilseed meals.The PKM diet resulted in lower protein and lipid retentions relativeto the fishmeal-based control diet. Prior treatments of copra andpalm kernel meal may be necessary to reduce their high crude fibrecontents which appeared to negatively affect pellet water stabilityand faecal matter production.