The fact that optimal capital structure considerations along with stock prices play an important role in the issuance and repurchase choice has a wide range of implications. For example, a firm's bonds might be priced very differently de-pending on one's assumptions about how firms' future financing choices respond to cash flow and stock price changes. In addition, a firm's capital expenditure choice might be closely related to management's concerns about deviating from their target debt ratio as well as their reluctance to issue equity when their stock price is low. Our results along these lines suggest that over-levered firms may choose to cut back their investment expenditures when their stock prices are low. This might explain why leverage has an especially strong effect on investment expenditures for firms with low market-to-book ratios, These issues are topics of future research.