The United States Committee on Integrating the Science of Early Childhood Development produced an evidence-based report on early brain development, language, socialization, and self-regulation. In the words of the report: spoken language is resilient, literacy is fragile.24 These two key aspects of oral and written language development, resilience and fragility, have been investigated in the light of brain imaging. There are language milestones (behavioral markers) associated with neural signatures of language. The milestones provide evidence that helps establish predictive brain–behavior relationships for language.