rhetoricians since the Greeks have acknowledged this central position of audience in rhetorical production, but digital dissemination now makes it possible to deliver even more targeted appeals than one would deliver when speaking to an interested crowd of heterogeneous spectators. Given the importance of addressing potential audiences by “narrowcasting” on the World Wide Web and appealing to the sometimes idiosyncratic needs of very specific addressees, an error-correction model would often not be helpful to a web designer who must choose the appropriate combination of image, text, technology, and programming.