the total contraction of the casting decreased with flange size from the flangeless casting to the small flange casting. Although the maximumtensile load on the large flange casting (approximately 11 kN) was larger than that of the small flange casting (approximately 7.5 kN), the total contractions of the large flange casting and the small flange casting were approximately the same. This result will be discussed in detail in Section 4.3.