decreased rates of insecticide penetration, and increased rates of insecticide excretion. There are different methods to determine that the mechanisms are available in any given population and it can be seen the structure of the resistance mechanisms from these assays. Insecticide resistance management must be an integral part of all vectors and pests control programs. Using insecticides in such a way that their effectiveness is maintained, is a stewardship responsibility of the commercial companies that market them. It is also a stewardship duty of those who design and implement insect control programs. To successfully manage insecticide resistance in insects of urban or rural importance, it is necessary to consider the social and medical importance of the pest and to integrate the biology and ecology of the pest with the proposed control strategies. The ability to constantly monitor the pest population and the resistance levels as they relate to changes of susceptibility to the methodology of control is essential. Control procedures involving management by moderation should be used whenever possible. The success or failure of IPM programs and resistance management programs depends on the decision maker, the pest control personnel and the public. Management by moderation should be the basic approach and might be supplemented to the maximum possible by integrated pest management measures. Recourse to the other strategies described here will be essential in many cases, especially where high value crops or vectors of human disease are involved.