Organizational culture was increasingly seen as an element which, if effectively managed, could provide companies with managerial effectiveness, superior performance and internal integration (seem for example, Deal and Kennedy, 1982; Peters and Waterman, 1982; Wilkins and Ouchi, 1983) In conjunction with this line of thinking, more and more researchers supported the notion that culture should be viewed as an organizational variable rather than as a 'metaphor' for the organization itself (smirich, 1983); something an organizaiton 'has' rather than something an organization 'is'.