. 6 Arrhenius plot of palm oil methanolysis, 0.2% of NaOH as catalyst and molar ratio 6:1. (filled diamonds) k1 (filled squares) k–1 (filled triangles) k2 (open squares) k–2 (open diamonds) k3 (open
triangles) k–3 when the molar ratio changed from the stoichiometry to 4.5:1, and to 73% when changed to 6:1. After 15 min, concentration of methyl esters and monoglycerides were essentially identically for the 4.5:1 and 6:1 reactions. Conversions of palm oil were 94.3, 98.0, and 100% for the reactions with molar ratios 3:1, 4.5:1 and 6:1, after 80 min. Productivities to methyl esters were 81.8, 92.0, and 96.0%, respectively