key reading components identified by the National Reading Panel (2000). Research shows that
adults can experience difficulty with any of the components of reading; therefore, instructors
must be knowledgeable about the evidence-based practices that can help adult readers struggling
in any or all areas of reading (Kruidenier). The components included in the review
included alphabetics (phonemic awareness, phonetic decoding, and word recognition), fluency,
vocabulary, and comprehension. Kruidenier also included assessment in his review of the
literature since assessing what a student already knows is generally the first step in the
instructional process. Kruidenier's review of the research described the lack of information
about the preparation of adult educators to provide research-based reading instruction.