Second, and to counter the threat of tacit collusion (in the reasoning above, individual IP owners might forgo the short-run gain of undercutting the pool through a cheaper individual-license price, so as to prevent a price war and to keep sustaining the pool’s high price in the future), it is wise to append a second, information-free requirement, called “unbundling”: The users can buy individual licenses from the pool, and the pool price for multiple licenses is the sum of the individual prices (see Figure 9). Individual licensing together with unbundling implies that accepting a pool does not reduce welfare