Given that the TPB
accounts for more variance, on average, in intentions than
behaviour, researchers have attempted to identify the important
determinants that may serve to reduce the ‘‘intention–behaviour
gap’’. In this respect, Norman and Conner (2005) argue that, in
addition to PBC, planning is a key volitional variable that can
impact on the intention–behaviour relationship to the extent that
specifying where, when, and how an intended behaviour is to be
performed may aid the movement from intention to action.