5.3.3. Receptive language and emergent literacy
Children’s receptive language and emergent literacy skills were
assessed in the fall (Time 1) and spring (Time 2) of the year. Children’s
receptive language skills were assessed using The Peabody
Picture Vocabulary Test III (Dunn & Dunn, 1997); emergent literacy
skills were assessed using the (a) Preschool Word and Print Awareness
(PWPA, Justice & Ezell, 2001), (b) the Alphabet Knowledge
subtest of the Phonological Awareness and Literacy Screening-PreK
(PALS; Invernizzi, Meier, & Sullivan, 2004), and (c) the Name-
Writing Subtest of the PALS. The children were tested one-on-one
with a trained examiner in a quiet location in the student’s
school.