Reliability: the software must be extraordinarily reliable over the full vehicle lifetime; for example, rebooting during an operation is not feasible;
Functional safety: ECU also controls functionalities tied to safety systems: software errors may result in inability to change the throttle level, uncontrolled acceleration or degraded engine performance [6], hence a meticulous programming is mandatory and emergency procedures to be used in case of failure must be developed, according to the ISO 26262 standard.