Both exercise groups performed endurance training as walking/running “uphill” on a treadmill 3 times a week for 16 weeks. AIT subjects warmed up for 10 minutes at 70% of maximal heart frequency (Hfmax) before performing four 4-minute intervals at 90% of Hfmax with a 3-minute active recovery at 70% of Hfmax between intervals and a 5-minute cool-down period, giving a total exercise time of 40 minutes. To equalize training volumes to similar amounts of kilocalories per session in the 2 groups, the CME group had to exercise for 47 minutes at 70% of Hfmax at each exercise session as previously detailed.8 The control group followed advice from family physicians. Heart frequency was continuously monitored during exercise to ensure that the subjects trained at the intended intensity.