where A (absorbance) = (A510− A700)pH1.0− (A510− A700)pH 4.5;MW (molecular weight) = 449.2 g/mol for cyanidin-3-glucoside;DF (dilution factor) = 200; 1000 = conversion from g to mg;ε (molar absorptivity coefficient in L/mol/cm for cyanidin-3-glucoside) = 26,900; 1 = path length in cm. The TMA results in mgcy-3-glu/L were then expressed as mg cy-3-glu/g of hull powder bydividing it with solid to solvent ratio 0.05 g/ml.