พอใจ Studies examining gratifications sought often discuss expectancy of media. Consumption expectancy implies a process by which gratifications sought and gratifications obtained are interrelated. Palmgren and Rayburn’s (1982) expectancy value model suggests that users’ beliefs or expectations that using a specific medium will result in a particular outcome influences media consumption, which affects the perception of gratifications obtained (Palmgreen & Rayburn, 1982). Used and Gratification of Mass Media.