2.2.8. Physical characteristics of niosomes
2.2.8.1. The maximum loading of the extracts. The concentrations
of the extract entrapped in niosomes were increased. The maximum loading of the extracts in niosomes
2.2.8.2. Particle size.
The particle size of niosomes was measured by the dynamic light scattering (DLS) apparatus. The niosomal dispersions were diluted to 10 times with distilled water. The time-dependent correlation function on the scattered light intensity was measured at a scattering angle of 90◦ and wavelength at 535 nm.
2.2.8.3. Morphology.
The morphology of niosomes was investigated by the freezed fracture (FF) TEM. The niosomal dispersion was immediately frozen in liquid ethane and then the frozen sample was fractured in a freeze-replica apparatus
2.2.8.4. Transition temperature of niosomes.
Thermal analysis of the niosomal dispersion was determined by differential scanning
calorimeter. Distilled water was used as a reference. Twenty microliters of the niosomal dispersion
were placed in the aluminium sample pan, which was then carefully sealed with the cap.
2.2.8.5. Microviscosity of the niosomal membrane.
in tetrahydrofuran (THF) was used as a fluorescent probe. The microviscosity of niosomal membrane was determined by fluorescence polarization