Each of these will also be influenced, however, and perhaps more immediately, by changes in climate variability. Both the natural environments and human communities are typically more susceptible to extreme weather events outside the range of routine variability. It is the major storms which change the shape of surf beaches and river rapids, and major heat waves which spark wildfires and bleach tropical corals. It is through such extreme events that climate change is likely to have its initial impacts on both the terrain and the infrastructure used for adventure tourism {Buckley, 2008}. Some of these impacts are only temporary. Rivers can recover from flooding and beaches from erosion, and forests and coral reefs can regrow after fires or bleaching, if climatic conditions return to their former state for long enough. some, however, are irreversible. If the only remaining population of a globally endangered plant or animal species is unable to survive an extreme climatic event, it will become extinct; and this includes icon species which form the key attractions in some wildlife adventure tours. since extreme climatic events are typically short-lived, it is sometimes possible to protect infrastructure through engineering means. If a tourism resource or attraction is lost even for a short period, however, this will still affect revenue for tour operators rely on it.