In other words, they would consider all knowledge paradigms as constructs that are socially and linguistically shaped. This orientation led to a relentless critique of binaries and hierarchies that were the stock in trade of traditional scholarly orientations. They were deconstructed for the values and interests that undergirded them. For example, the methods we considered as functional and value-free were exposed for the ideologies that motivated them (see Pennycook, 1989)