Third, given our cross-sectional design, the temporal ordering of constructs cannot be determined. It remains possible that RFL influences level of depressive symptoms and hopelessness, and not vice versa. Prospective event-based assessments are needed to clarify the role of de- pression, hopelessness, RFL, and suicidal ideation and attempts. Finally, validated self-report measures of psychopathology were used. Future studies should replicate these findings with validated structured interviews to assess diagnostic features within hypothesized relations.