Within each sampling plot, the above-ground C stock was obtained by measuring the biomass of living and standing dead trees, and downed woody debris. The below-ground C stock was obtained by measuring mangrove roots and sedimentary organic C (Donato et al., 2011; Kauffman et al., 2011). For tree biomass measurement, all trees rooted within the circular plot with a stem diameter N5 cm or a tree height N1.3 m were measured for the stem diameter at breast height (DBH)
at 1.3 m or above the highest prop root of R. apiculata.