Popham (1993) highlighted the work of Glaser and provided a set of
guidelines to follow when constructing criterion-referenced measurements. His procedure
focuses on two main considerations: (1) test specification and (2) test-item specifications. Test
specifications are described as, “rules to be followed in constituting the overall nature of the
test.” Test-item specifications are, “the rules to be followed in constructing the test items”
(Popham, 1993; p. 138).