We collected sociodemographics, clinical history, and post-bronchodilator spirometry in a randomly
selected, age-, sex- and site-stratified, population-based sample of 2,957 adults aged ≥35 years (median age was
54.8 years and 49.3% were men) from four resource-poor settings: Lima, Tumbes, urban and rural Puno. We defined
COPD as a post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC < 70%.