Natural precipitation is another important cause of runoff during
the flooded period of rice growth. In a flooded rice paddy, runoff
is closely correlated with rainfall and the height of the field levees
(Zhao et al., 2009a). For the study area, it is rare that rainfall would
exceed 100 mm in rice season, so runoff directly through field levees
seems impossible due to the height of the field levees (15–20 cm
above soil surface). However, it is common practice to lower surface
water in rainy days to prevent the inhibition effect of deep
flooded water on root growth and plant tillering. The usual practice
is to reduce the height of the drainage outlet to 5–7 cm, which
may allow significant runoff if rainwater substantially exceeds the
height of the drainage outlet due to a heavy rainfall event.
We used an electromagnetic flowmeter (Fig. 2a) to precisely
measure the amount of runoff water and firstly differentiate the
contributions from different sources to N runoff during rice season.
The average data from the three rice seasons showed that 59.1% of
seasonal N runoff was caused by precipitation, 19.7% by drainage
before sowing, and 21.2% by midseason aerations (Table 5). This
was not consistent with the common knowledge that N runoff from
paddy soil during rice season was minimal because of the existed
field levees (Zhao et al., 2009a; Zhu et al., 1997). The reason was
largely due to frequent artificial draining induced by diverse causes.
Natural precipitation is another important cause of runoff duringthe flooded period of rice growth. In a flooded rice paddy, runoffis closely correlated with rainfall and the height of the field levees(Zhao et al., 2009a). For the study area, it is rare that rainfall wouldexceed 100 mm in rice season, so runoff directly through field leveesseems impossible due to the height of the field levees (15–20 cmabove soil surface). However, it is common practice to lower surfacewater in rainy days to prevent the inhibition effect of deepflooded water on root growth and plant tillering. The usual practiceis to reduce the height of the drainage outlet to 5–7 cm, whichmay allow significant runoff if rainwater substantially exceeds theheight of the drainage outlet due to a heavy rainfall event.We used an electromagnetic flowmeter (Fig. 2a) to preciselymeasure the amount of runoff water and firstly differentiate thecontributions from different sources to N runoff during rice season.The average data from the three rice seasons showed that 59.1% ofseasonal N runoff was caused by precipitation, 19.7% by drainagebefore sowing, and 21.2% by midseason aerations (Table 5). Thiswas not consistent with the common knowledge that N runoff frompaddy soil during rice season was minimal because of the existedfield levees (Zhao et al., 2009a; Zhu et al., 1997). The reason waslargely due to frequent artificial draining induced by diverse causes.
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