eneration automotive fuels, as it is carbon neutral and can be produced
from renewable resources (Soccol et al., 2011). Worldwide
ethanol production is 60% from sugar crops (maize grains, sugar
cane and beet sugar), 33% from other crops and 7% from chemical
synthesis, with U.S. (corn-derived) and Brazil (sugar cane-derived)
accounting for >90% of the total production (Serrano-Ruiz et al.,
2012). Second generation bioethanol is based on hydrolysis of