Under the relatively high restraint force condition, such as the case of the large and small flange castings in the furan sand mold, the free-to-experimental contraction difference increased from above the solidus temperature to approximately 250 ◦C and then
became constant. This difference then increased gradually until shakeout (50 ◦C) once the parameter became constant. This behavior can be explained using the model developed by Parkins and Cowan for the situation above 250 ◦C. However, the behavior of the free-to-experimental contraction difference below 250 ◦C cannot be explained using their model. Fig. 6 indicates that the free-toexperimental contraction difference that accumulated from 250 ◦C