Patients will require opioid analgesics for pain management, usually via a patient-controlled analgesia pump during the initial postoperative course. As patients transition to oral pain management, maintaining consistent dosing is important as activity increases. Chest area and back pain related to surgical wounds and drains can interfere with adequate lung expansion, so maintaining pain control and promoting pulmonary hygiene is important to preventing atelectasis, bronchiectasis, and pneumonia. With the use of any opioids, patients also should be receiving stool softeners and taught to prevent constipation. Pain management is often a challenge for patients as long as they have JP drains in place. Patients need to record drain output; most surgeons want to leave JP drains in until 24-hour output is less than 30 cc, and diminished output often coincides with the postoperative appointment about one week after surgery.