Results from the counterfactual analysis of the effects of QE using the large BVAR model suggests that without QE there would have been larger declines in real GDP during 2009 and CPI inflation would have been low or even negative. The QE policy was therefore effective in helping the UK economy avoid a deeper recession and deflation. The MS-SVAR and TVP-SVAR models provide similar evidence, if anything suggesting that QE had even larger effects on output and inflation.