Modern lifestyles can lead to various lifestyle diseases that have become the most threatening health issues to humans. In particular, heart disease is the leading global cause of
death. To diagnose heart disease, cardiac catheterization is frequently conducted. The contact force between the tip of the catheter and tissue is very critical because it determines the
success or failure of the procedure. In this work, an optical sensor composed of transparent,
flexible, and stretchable PDMS layers forming an air cavity was developed and evaluated.
The reflectance of the sensor varied with external applied force depending upon the gap
between elastomeric layers placed on the catheter tip. The fabricated sensor showed very
low minimum resolution (