Considerable attention has been devoted in the literature to the topic of TELs, in particular, the estimated fiscal impact of the policy. Despite a few early studies that find little evidence on the impact of TELs on total taxes per capita and property tax growth or reliance (ACIR 1977; Inman 1979), most empirical studies generally support the notion that TELs visibly change the revenue composition of local governments (e.g., Lowery 1983; Preston and Ichniowski 1991; Mullins and Joyce 1996; Shadbegian 1998, 1999; Johnston, Pagano, and Russo 2000; Sokolow, 2000). Nonetheless, the magnitude and direction of the effects vary depending on the samples, measures of the policy and its outcome, and methodologies used in the studies