Collectively, these ideas have had an enormous impact on the way we now think about organization. Under the influence of the machine metaphor, organization theory was locked into a form of engineering preoccupied with relations between goals, structures. And efficiency. The idea that organization are more like organisms guided our attention toward the more general issues of survival, organization-environment relations, and organization effectiveness. Goals. Structures, and efficiency now become subsidiary to problems of survival and other more biological concerns.