further, at least one physical/developmental/intellectual, mental/emotional, and/or behavioural
concern is noted for 36% of children who were the subject of an unsubstantiated investigation and
53% of children for whom neglect was substantiated. Finally, the majority of both substantiated
and unsubstantiated cases (78% and 65% respectively) experience one or more need related to
inadequate income and/or housing, findings consistent with previous research that demonstrates
the material and economic disadvantage of families referred to child welfare services (Fluke, Yuan,
Hedderson, & Curtis, 2003; Swift, 1995b; Wolock & Horowitz, 1979).