Silvicultural systems used in the retention and restoration of old-growthness can, and need,
to employ a variety of approaches for managing spatial and temporal structural complexity. We present
examples of silvicultural options that have been applied in creative experiments and forestry practice
over the last two decades. However, these largely comprise only short-term responses, which are often
accompanied by increased risks and disturbance. Much research and monitoring is required still to
develop and optimise new silvicultural systems for old-growthness for a wide variety of forest
ecosystem types.