An integrated approach to the assessment of work-related stress risk:
Comparison of findings from two tools in an Italian methodology
M. Ronchetti ⇑, C. Di Tecco, S. Russo, T. Castaldi, S. Vitali, S. Autieri, A. Valenti, B. Persechino, S. Iavicoli
INAIL Research Area, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italy
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 20 October 2014
Received in revised form 28 July 2015
Accepted 4 August 2015
Available online 24 August 2015
Keywords:
Work-related stress risk
Risk assessment
Checklist
Self-report questionnaire
Italy
a b s t r a c t
Introduction: In the past few years much progress has been made in European Union in recognizing the
importance of the work-related stress risk, and in adopting specific measures to assess such type of risk.
In Italy, the legislative framework on occupational health and safety confirmed the obligation to assess
the risk for work-related stress, according to the European Framework Agreement.
Material and methods: The Italian Workers’ Compensation Authority developed a methodology for the
assessment of work related-stress risk as an integrated management risk approach comprising two main
assessment tools: a checklist for measuring objective and observational risk indicators and a validated
questionnaire to collect employees’ perceptions. This study aimed to explore the convergence degree
among the results of the two assessment tools in a sample of 137 companies.
Results: By applying the univariate ANOVA the mean values of the questionnaire were compared to the
levels of risk obtained in the preliminary assessment. The analyses highlighted that when the risk is
higher in the preliminary assessment, there is an increase in the perceptions of the risk factors. In line
with Cohen’s methodological guidelines findings revealed moderate values. Finally, the analysis of
discrepancies shows a good concordance level among the results of the two assessment phases.
Conclusions: The study highlighted the effectiveness and reliability of the INAIL’s methodology. Such
process enables companies to use two complementary tools for a more complete definition of the risk
factors, in order to develop interventions.
2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Over recent decades, important changes in work organization
and management (e.g. outsourcing, intensification of workrelated
activity, greater job insecurity, ageing workforce, new
technologies, etc.) have led to increasing risks in occupational
safety and health (OSH) [European Commission, 2002, 2007;
Eurofound and EU-OSHA, 2014]. Some of the main challenges to
be tackled are psycho-social risks and work-related stress, mainly
because they are distributed widely across Europe and have high
socio-economic costs for companies and the society at large.
According to the results of the latest pan-European opinion poll
on Occupational Safety and Health (OSH), conducted by the
European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU-OSHA,
2013), 51% of workers reported that work-related stress is common
in their workplace and four workers out of ten stated that stress is
not managed adequately within their organization. A recent survey
on health and safety at work in Italy (INSuLa) revealed that workers
generally feel more exposed to work-related stress risk than to
the other risks in the workplace (INAIL, 2014). Beyond the extent of
the issue and its detrimental effect on workers’ psychological and
physical well-being, there is also growing evidence of its impact
on companies and society in general. In Europe, the overall cost
of mental health disorders, including costs not directly linked to
work, are estimated in 240 billion Euros per year, less than the half
of which are linked to direct costs, such as medical treatment,
while loss of productivity for companies accounts for nearly 136
billion Euros, including days lost for sickness absences (EU-OSHA,
2014).
Over the past few years, significant progress has been made in
many European Union Member States in recognizing the importance
of psycho-social risks, in particular work-related stress risk,
both at policy and implementation levels (e.g. development of policies
and legislation, best practice standards, stakeholder agreements
towards a common strategy, promotion of social dialogue,
dissemination of scientific knowledge on work-related stress and
psycho-social factors), which led to the adoption of specific
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2015.08.005
0925-7535/ 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
⇑ Corresponding author at: INAIL – Department of Occupational and Environmental
Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Via Fontana Candida, 1, Monte Porzio
Catone, Roma, Italy. Tel.: +39 0694181578.
E-mail address: m.ronchetti@inail.it (M. Ronchetti).
Safety Science 80 (2015) 310–316
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Safety Science
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ssci
วิธีการแบบบูรณาการการประเมินความเสี่ยงความเครียดจากการทำงานที่เกี่ยวข้องกับ: การเปรียบเทียบผลการวิจัยจากสองเครื่องมือในวิธีอิตาลีเมตร An integrated approach to the assessment of work-related stress risk:
Comparison of findings from two tools in an Italian methodology
M. Ronchetti ⇑, C. Di Tecco, S. Russo, T. Castaldi, S. Vitali, S. Autieri, A. Valenti, B. Persechino, S. Iavicoli
INAIL Research Area, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italy
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 20 October 2014
Received in revised form 28 July 2015
Accepted 4 August 2015
Available online 24 August 2015
Keywords:
Work-related stress risk
Risk assessment
Checklist
Self-report questionnaire
Italy
a b s t r a c t
Introduction: In the past few years much progress has been made in European Union in recognizing the
importance of the work-related stress risk, and in adopting specific measures to assess such type of risk.
In Italy, the legislative framework on occupational health and safety confirmed the obligation to assess
the risk for work-related stress, according to the European Framework Agreement.
Material and methods: The Italian Workers’ Compensation Authority developed a methodology for the
assessment of work related-stress risk as an integrated management risk approach comprising two main
assessment tools: a checklist for measuring objective and observational risk indicators and a validated
questionnaire to collect employees’ perceptions. This study aimed to explore the convergence degree
among the results of the two assessment tools in a sample of 137 companies.
Results: By applying the univariate ANOVA the mean values of the questionnaire were compared to the
levels of risk obtained in the preliminary assessment. The analyses highlighted that when the risk is
higher in the preliminary assessment, there is an increase in the perceptions of the risk factors. In line
with Cohen’s methodological guidelines findings revealed moderate values. Finally, the analysis of
discrepancies shows a good concordance level among the results of the two assessment phases.
Conclusions: The study highlighted the effectiveness and reliability of the INAIL’s methodology. Such
process enables companies to use two complementary tools for a more complete definition of the risk
factors, in order to develop interventions.
2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Over recent decades, important changes in work organization
and management (e.g. outsourcing, intensification of workrelated
activity, greater job insecurity, ageing workforce, new
technologies, etc.) have led to increasing risks in occupational
safety and health (OSH) [European Commission, 2002, 2007;
Eurofound and EU-OSHA, 2014]. Some of the main challenges to
be tackled are psycho-social risks and work-related stress, mainly
because they are distributed widely across Europe and have high
socio-economic costs for companies and the society at large.
According to the results of the latest pan-European opinion poll
on Occupational Safety and Health (OSH), conducted by the
European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU-OSHA,
2013), 51% of workers reported that work-related stress is common
in their workplace and four workers out of ten stated that stress is
not managed adequately within their organization. A recent survey
on health and safety at work in Italy (INSuLa) revealed that workers
generally feel more exposed to work-related stress risk than to
the other risks in the workplace (INAIL, 2014). Beyond the extent of
the issue and its detrimental effect on workers’ psychological and
physical well-being, there is also growing evidence of its impact
on companies and society in general. In Europe, the overall cost
of mental health disorders, including costs not directly linked to
work, are estimated in 240 billion Euros per year, less than the half
of which are linked to direct costs, such as medical treatment,
while loss of productivity for companies accounts for nearly 136
billion Euros, including days lost for sickness absences (EU-OSHA,
2014).
Over the past few years, significant progress has been made in
many European Union Member States in recognizing the importance
of psycho-social risks, in particular work-related stress risk,
both at policy and implementation levels (e.g. development of policies
and legislation, best practice standards, stakeholder agreements
towards a common strategy, promotion of social dialogue,
dissemination of scientific knowledge on work-related stress and
psycho-social factors), which led to the adoption of specific
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2015.08.005
0925-7535/ 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
⇑ Corresponding author at: INAIL – Department of Occupational and Environmental
Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Via Fontana Candida, 1, Monte Porzio
Catone, Roma, Italy. Tel.: +39 0694181578.
E-mail address: m.ronchetti@inail.it (M. Ronchetti).
Safety Science 80 (2015) 310–316
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Safety Science
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ssci
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