communicative translation: aims at reproducing the exact message of the source text
content-wise and context-wise but with emphasis on naturalness and
acceptability/comprehensiveness to the target text readership.
◦ idiomatic translation: makes use of idioms and colloquialisms that are not present in
the source text.
◦ free translation: focuses on the content of the target text rather than the form, which
means that the same content is expressed in the target text but with very different
grammatical structures if need be
◦ adaptation: the freest form of translation and more of a target language/culture based
interpretation of the source text than a translation as such, this is sometimes called
document design
• TT/TL focus (functional communication)