However, in most
cases it is unlikely to constitute an essential food that alone supports
survival, growth and reproduction. In such instances, some
coccinellids may use pollen and nectar as a supplemental resource
to provide limited nutrients and energy, and ultimately prolong
survival (Hodek and Evans, 2012) and reduce the likelihood of cannibalism
and intraguild predation (Cottrell and Yeargan, 1999;
Leather et al., 1999; Pell et al., 2008).