Introduction
Cancer is still one of the most devastating diseases in the world. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), cancer incidence in the U.S.A. was 7,178,172 from 2006 to 2010, with mortality reaching 2,830,559 (http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/dcpc/data/). The existing therapeutic approaches, such as surgery, thermotherapy, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, often have severe side effects, such as cytotoxicity to normal cells and strong host immune responses. Most critically, some cancers barely respond to these therapies [1] and [2] and so alternative therapeutic approaches are needed. Gene therapy is one such attempt.
Gene therapy consists of three basic steps: (i) constructing a gene-carrying vector, (ii) transferring genes into target cancer cells with the vector, and (iii) expressing gene products to kill cancer cells. Constructing an effective vector for carrying therapeutic genes is essential for successful gene therapy. Gene-carrying vectors can be divided into two categories: non-viral vectors and viral vectors. Non-viral vectors, such as naked plasmids, microbubbles, nanoparticles, liposomes, and polymers, are safe, low-cost, and offer large insert size of genes; however, in vivo gene transfection and expression is inefficient and transient, despite low immunogenicity [3]. Viral vectors, such as adenoviral vectors, retroviral vectors, and lentiviral vectors, provide effective gene transduction and expression; however, they have several disadvantages, including high immunorejection, possible tumorigenicity, uncertain insertional mutagenesis, and limited constructive sizes for gene insertion. These disadvantages have prevented translation into clinical practice. Thus, it is imperative that gene-carrying vectors have (1) high transferring ability, (2) low immunorejection, and (3) long-term gene expression [4]. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) gene-carrying vectors meet these requirements.
AAVs for cancer gene therapy are superior to other gene vectors, with relatively low host immune response, weak toxicity, and long-term gene expression. AAVs have been successfully used to deliver and transfer a variety of therapeutic genes to cancer cells, including suicide genes, anti-angiogenic genes, and immune-related genes, to inhibit tumor initiation, growth, and metastasis. Herein, we review the development and recent advances of AAV-mediated cancer gene therapy, aiming to provide up-to-date information on the clinical application of AAV-based gene therapy.
IntroductionCancer is still one of the most devastating diseases in the world. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), cancer incidence in the U.S.A. was 7,178,172 from 2006 to 2010, with mortality reaching 2,830,559 (http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/dcpc/data/). The existing therapeutic approaches, such as surgery, thermotherapy, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, often have severe side effects, such as cytotoxicity to normal cells and strong host immune responses. Most critically, some cancers barely respond to these therapies [1] and [2] and so alternative therapeutic approaches are needed. Gene therapy is one such attempt.Gene therapy consists of three basic steps: (i) constructing a gene-carrying vector, (ii) transferring genes into target cancer cells with the vector, and (iii) expressing gene products to kill cancer cells. Constructing an effective vector for carrying therapeutic genes is essential for successful gene therapy. Gene-carrying vectors can be divided into two categories: non-viral vectors and viral vectors. Non-viral vectors, such as naked plasmids, microbubbles, nanoparticles, liposomes, and polymers, are safe, low-cost, and offer large insert size of genes; however, in vivo gene transfection and expression is inefficient and transient, despite low immunogenicity [3]. Viral vectors, such as adenoviral vectors, retroviral vectors, and lentiviral vectors, provide effective gene transduction and expression; however, they have several disadvantages, including high immunorejection, possible tumorigenicity, uncertain insertional mutagenesis, and limited constructive sizes for gene insertion. These disadvantages have prevented translation into clinical practice. Thus, it is imperative that gene-carrying vectors have (1) high transferring ability, (2) low immunorejection, and (3) long-term gene expression [4]. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) gene-carrying vectors meet these requirements.AAVs for cancer gene therapy are superior to other gene vectors, with relatively low host immune response, weak toxicity, and long-term gene expression. AAVs have been successfully used to deliver and transfer a variety of therapeutic genes to cancer cells, including suicide genes, anti-angiogenic genes, and immune-related genes, to inhibit tumor initiation, growth, and metastasis. Herein, we review the development and recent advances of AAV-mediated cancer gene therapy, aiming to provide up-to-date information on the clinical application of AAV-based gene therapy.
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