4. Results
This section presents assessment results for the creative design learning motivation, teaching effects, and creativity of the output. An
independent samples t-test was used to analyse the results obtained from the creative design learning motivation questionnaire and the
creativity of the outputs. The teaching effects were assessed by comparing the examination results for basic knowledge and skills.
4.1. Assessment of creative design learning motivation
Each dataset was collected from a different student. Thus, they are uncorrelated and mutually independent, and so an independent
samples t-test is appropriate for analysing the results obtained using the questionnaire. First, we calculated the mean values of the questionnaire
results, as shown in Table 5, where 1 means ‘strongly disagree’ and 5 means ‘strongly agree.’ The preliminary test results indicated
that the mean values given by students in class T2, where AR technology was used for teaching, were higher than those for class T1. In
particular, the differences in mean scores for the attention and satisfaction factors between the two classes were 1.7 and 1.66, respectively.
Class T1 gave a mean score of less than three for all questions, indicating that the course did not capture students' attention or provide them
with a satisfactory learning experience.
We performed Levene's test for the equality of variances using the data obtained in these two teaching scenarios. If the variance of the
two sub-populations is equal, the independent samples t-test employs the method of a pooled variance t-test (Carroll & Schneider, 1985),
whereas a separate variance t-test is appropriate if this is not the case. The test result (t ¼ 23.965, p < 0.01) for the impact on students'
attention indicated that the teaching contents captured the attention of the students in class T2 throughout the course. The test result
(t ¼ 7.069, p < 0.01) on the relevance of the teaching contents indicated that the contents learnt by the students in class T2 were highly
relevant, and thus they were more willing to participate in the teaching process. The test result (t ¼ 2.153, p < 0.05) for the impact on
confidence indicated that the contents and course resources helped the students in class T2 to generate more creative ideas, enhancing their
self-confidence in learning. The test result (t ¼ 23.957, p < 0.01) for student satisfaction indicated that creative design process was more
satisfying for the students who used the AR technique.