Neurobiology, and not simply willpower, may also impact dietary adherence. For
instance, the human tendency to pursue instant gratifi cation (e.g., palatable, calorie-dense
food) over delayed rewards (e.g., health benefi ts of weight loss) has a neural basis (Appelhans
et al., 2011). In practical terms, a greater emphasis on behavior modifi cation strategies may
be needed to overcome the neurobiologic infl uences that make it so diffi cult to maintain
a low-calorie intake (Appelhans et al., 2011). Adding structure to a low-calorie diet may
improve adherence by limiting food choices, which reduces temptation and the potential
for overeating (Fabricatore, 2007). Structure can be added by providing meal plans and
actual grocery lists, menus, and recipes or reliable websites where they may be found.