Several studies have shown that prenatal stress is associated with an altered diurnal pattern or altered function of the hypothalamic–pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis although the pattern of alteration is quite complex [43]. Finally, recent studies have shown that prenatal anxiety is associated with reduced telomere length [∗[44], [45]]. This is an intriguing finding, as well as of concern, as reduced telomere length is associated with a reduced life span.