Procedure. The order of instruction for the application of toothpaste was determined at the time of recruitment. One of 50 cards was selected, at random, prior to approaching a potential participant. The card contained a script for the researcher to read aloud following the consent procedures. All cards began with the instruction asking the parent to apply the "typical" amount of toothpaste used with their child. On 25 cards, the order of the next instruction was to apply a smear followed by pea; the order of instructions was reversed on the other 25 cards.