Water scale was obtained from home kitchens in Lianyungangcity, eastern China. All chemicals were of analytical grade and used
as received. Re ned soybean oil was procured from local market.
Water waste scale was washed thoroughly with distilled water
several times to remove the impurities and followed by drying in
hot air oven at 105 C for about 24 h. The dried water scales were
subsequently ground to ne powder and calcined in a muf e fur-
nace at different temperatures ranging from 200 C to 1000 C for
2.5 h to prepare the novel catalysts.