To ensure the overall safety of the connection, the use of
an additional load factor, or overload factor, in the range 1.0
to 1.33 has historically been used by the industry. The need
and the magnitude of the additional load factor for a particular
connection must depend on the engineer’s judgement and
consideration of the following:
Mode of failure. For conditions where the predicted failure
mode is non-ductile, such as when using very short studs,
it is appropriate to use larger overload factors.
Consequences of failure. If failure of a connection is
likely to produce catastrophic results (non-redundancy), the