The survey instrument was adapted from Zailani et al. (2012). In the original survey
instrument used in Zailani et al. (2012), the authors noted that there were few
large-scale studies in the area of eco-design, its drivers and effect on environmental
outcomes. Hence, they included the few available measures and constructed new items
in their survey instrument. Similar to Zailani et al. (2012), this study uses a five-point
Likert scale ranging from 1 – “low” to 5 – “high” in the survey instrument to quantify
the existence of each measure. The questionnaire was double-translated from English
to Thai and then back to English before being sent to prospective respondents. This
was done to ensure that the content was consistent with the original version. The
process was facilitated by the research team which consisted of a native Thai speaker.
To assess the coercive mechanisms that force firms to adopt GSCM initiatives, items
that reflect legislation, regulation, and customer pressures, both newly constructed and
adapted from Carter and Carter (1998), Carter and Ellram (1998), and Darnall (2006)
were used. Zailani et al. (2012) introduced some new items to assess green supply chain
practices. Eco-design is the environmentally conscious design of a product and its
packaging to reduce adverse environmental effects throughout its entire life. The seven
measured items were adapted from Sarkis (1998) and Zhu et al. (2007). These items
were grouped into product-related eco-design (three items) and packaging-related
eco-design (four items).