fermentation is economical, and a number of studies have focused on this method
[24-26], but ethanol fermentation was negatively influenced when the recycling ratio
was greater than 50%. Since the thin stillage contains abundant organics and
inorganics, some researchers have used it to produce single cell protein (SCP) and
bioproducts, including organic acids, alcohols, enzymes, aliphatic ketones,
astaxanthin, and biopolymers [27-31]. However, these studies still remain at the lab
scale.