The lack of extensive research to date manifests itself in the uncertainty as to exactly what the energy in warehouses is used for and, consequently, what contributes to warehouse emissions. In fact, even individual warehouse managers often only have knowl- edge of the total energy used by fuel type (e.g. electricity, gas or oil) from the invoices they receive. They therefore may not know how this is split by usage type (e.g. heat, light or equipment), as reported by Dhooma and Baker (2012). Contradictory figures result from this lack of information and research. For example, United Kingdom Warehouse Association (2010) reported the results of a survey that indicated that most energy is used for lighting (65% of energy used), followed by heating (12%). This contrasts with estimates published by the DECC (2013) indicating that lighting is only responsible for