During a new year,
if the inventory consumption is larger than the inventory purchased or produced at that year, the base inventory
from previous years will be used or called liquidated. In common, the inventory cost is increasing. The lower
inventory cost of the liquidated inventory matches with the revenue so the taxable income increases resulting
into a higher tax and lower cash flow which is against the original tax purpose of LIFO adoption. As the
end-inventory level significantly influences the tax, operation policy, accounting choice and tax should be
viewed in a dynamic and integrated manner.